Collect data on two social determinants of health
Swamped with your writing assignments? We'll take the academic weight off your shoulders. We complete all our papers from scratch. You can get a plagiarism report upon request just to confirm.
Order a Similar Paper Order a Different Paper
For this assignment you will collect data on two social determinants of health and two health outcomes for two counties and compare them to state and national data.
- Select two counties in the state where you reside (Clark county and Nye county).
- Select two social determinants of health and two health outcomes.
- Compile data on your two social determinants and two health outcomes for the two counties, and compare them to the corresponding indicators at the state and national levels. Make sure that you include the sources of data for every health indicator. Sources must be retrieved from the agency directly collecting the data, not from a magazine or journal article mentioning the data. Wikipedia is never a source. Check the attached PDF for sources of data.
- Present your data in a table or a bar chart similar to the ones in the attached document.
- Reflect on the data you collected (findings as expected, surprising, reflect what you observe in your daily personal and professional life, etc.). Approximately 100-150 words.
Resources: The attached document has data on a variety of health indicators (outcomes, behaviors, and determinants) for the Lower Rio Grande Valley and compares that data to those at the state and national levels. Use the document as a guide for a variety of indicators as well as for sources of the data; each slide includes the source of data.
The following websites provide good sources of data on a myriad of health and health-related indicators.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
- Census Bureau, American FactFinder
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, County Health Rankings
- Census Bureau, Small Area Health Insurance Estimates
Your assignment will contain 16 data points per the Assignment response format attached
H S C I 6 3 0 7 – W E E K 4
TEXAS-MEXICO BORDER
HEALTH INDICATORS
2
HEALTH DISPARITIES
L O W E R R I O G R A N D E V A L L E Y
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Source: World Health Organization. 2010. A Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health.
Remember that health disparities
are the result of several factors
operating in complex sociologic,
cultural, political, economic, and
health care contexts.
HEALTH DISPARITIES INDICATORS
•Social Determinants of Health
•Health Behaviors
•Health Outcomes
4
The following slides will review several social
determinants of health, health behaviors and health
outcomes for the Lower Rio Grande Valley along the
Texas-Mexico border.
LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY
• Counties: Cameron,
Hidalgo, Starr & Willacy
• Population: 1.3+ million
• Ethnicity: 90% of
Hispanic or Latino
origin
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
5
STRUCTURE
• For each social determinant, you will get a preview
of what research has shown followed by the
corresponding measures for the four-county area
compared to the nation and the state.
6
HEALTH DETERMINANT
S O C I O D E M O G R A P H I C S
7
POVERTY
Research has shown that individuals who are poorer are
more likely
• To suffer from diseases
• To be cognitively and physically impaired
• To experience higher mortality rates
Poverty – the most deadly and prevalent of all diseases.
Eugene O’Neill
Sources: Marmot MG, Kogevinas M, Elston MA. Social/economic status and
disease. Annu Rev Public Health. 1987;8:111-35; Adler NE, Boyce WT, Chesney
MA, Folkman S, Syme SL. Socioeconomic inequalities in health. No easy solution.
JAMA. 1993;269(24):3140-5; Marmot M, Ryff CD, Bumpass LL, Shipley M, Marks NF.
Social inequalities in health: Next questions and converging evidence. Soc Sci
Med. 1997;44(6):901-10.
8
PEOPLE LIVING IN POVERTY*
16%
18%
35% 35%
39% 38%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
*Percentage of people whose income in the past 12 months is below the poverty level
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates 9
PEOPLE LIVING IN POVERTY*
16%
18%
35% 35%
39% 38%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
*Percentage of people whose income in the past 12 months is below the poverty level
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates 10
PER CAPITA INCOME
$28,555
$26,513
$14,898 $14,525
$11,935 $11,693
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
11
PER CAPITA INCOME
$28,555
$26,513
$14,898 $14,525
$11,935 $11,693
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
12
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
• Individuals with less education relative to those with
more education
• are more likely to experience obesity, substance abuse, and
intentional and unintentional injury
• live shorter lives
• Study published in 2015*
• If every adult high school dropout in the 2010 population had a
GED or a regular diploma, 145,243 deaths could be avoided.
• If everyone in the population got a bachelor’s degree, the total
untimely deaths would be reduced by 554,525.
*Source: Krueger PM, Tran MK, Hummer RA, Chang VW. Mortality Attributable to Low Levels
of Education in the United States. PLoS One. 2015 Jul 8;10(7):e0131809.
13
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES*
86%
82%
64% 62%
47%
63%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
*Percentage of population who have a high school diploma/GED or Higher
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates 14
HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES*
86%
82%
64% 62%
47%
63%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
*Percentage of population who have a high school diploma/GED or Higher
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates 15
HEALTH DETERMINANT
H E A L T H C A R E ( A C C E S S & Q U A L I T Y )
16
HEALTH CARE COVERAGE
• Uninsured young children relative to insured children
• have lower immunization rates
• are less likely to receive medical care for common
childhood conditions, such as sore throat, or for
emergencies, such as a ruptured appendix
• are at greater risk of dying when hospitalized
• Uninsured adults relative to insured adults
• are less likely to receive preventive services or screenings,
such as mammograms or prostate screening higher
likelihood of preventable illness, missed diagnoses, and
delays in treatment
• are less likely to receive care following a car accident and
are at greater risk of death
17
UNINSURED
10%
19%
30% 30%
28%
23%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
Under 65 years
Percent of population uninsured
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Small Area Health Insurance Estimates, 2016 18
UNINSURED
10%
19%
30% 30%
28%
23%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
Under 65 years
Percent of population uninsured
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Small Area Health Insurance Estimates, 2016 19
UNINSURED
10%
19%
30% 30% 28%
23%
12%
23%
39%
41% 40%
30%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
Under 65 years 18-64 years
Percent of population uninsured
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Small Area Health Insurance Estimates, 2016 20
PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIAN RATES*
76
60
46 46
18
32
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
* Primary care physicians per 100,000 population
Source: Area Health Resources Files: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services
Administration, Bureau of Health Workforce, Area Health Resources Files (AHRF), 2015. 21
PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIAN RATES*
76
60
46 46
18
32
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
* Primary care physicians per 100,000 population
Source: Area Health Resources Files: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services
Administration, Bureau of Health Workforce, Area Health Resources Files (AHRF), 2015. 22
DENTIST RATES*
60
51
26 26
11
9
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
*Dentists per 100,000 population
Source: Area Health Resources Files: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services
Administration, Bureau of Health Workforce, Area Health Resources Files (AHRF), 2015. 23
DENTIST RATES*
60
51
26 26
11
9
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
*Dentists per 100,000 population
Source: Area Health Resources Files: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services
Administration, Bureau of Health Workforce, Area Health Resources Files (AHRF), 2015. 24
PSYCHIATRIST RATES*
10
6
3
1
0 0
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
*Psychiatrists per 100,000 population
Source: Area Health Resources Files: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services
Administration, Bureau of Health Workforce, Area Health Resources Files (AHRF), 2015. 25
PSYCHIATRIST RATES*
10
6
3
1
0 0
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
*Psychiatrists per 100,000 population
Source: Area Health Resources Files: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services
Administration, Bureau of Health Workforce, Area Health Resources Files (AHRF), 2015. 26
SPEAK ENGLISH LESS THAN VERY WELL
9%
14%
30%
32%
51%
21%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
*Percentage of population 5 years and over who speak English “less than very well”
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates 27
SPEAK ENGLISH LESS THAN VERY WELL
9%
14%
30%
32%
51%
21%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
*Percentage of population 5 years and over who speak English “less than very well”
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates 28
MAMMOGRAPHY SCREENING*
HAD A MAMMOGRAM IN PAST 2 YEARS
63%
58%
55%
58%
44%
48%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
* Female Medicare enrollees, age 67-69
Source; The Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care, 2014 29
MAMMOGRAPHY SCREENING*
HAD A MAMMOGRAM IN PAST 2 YEARS
63%
58%
55%
58%
44%
48%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
* Female Medicare enrollees, age 67-69
Source; The Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care, 2014 30
HEALTH DETERMINANT
P H Y S I C A L E N V I R O N M E N T
31
SEVERE HOUSING PROBLEMS*
19%
18%
25%
28%
21%
19%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
*Percentage of households with at least one of four housing problems: incomplete kitchen facilities,
incomplete plumbing facilities, more than 1.5 persons per room, and cost burden greater than 50%.
Source: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2010-2014 32
SEVERE HOUSING PROBLEMS*
19%
18%
25%
28%
21%
19%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
*Percentage of households with at least one of four housing problems: incomplete kitchen facilities,
incomplete plumbing facilities, more than 1.5 persons per room, and cost burden greater than 50%.
Source: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2010-2014 33
HEALTH DETERMINANT
H E A L T H B E H A V I O R S
34
PREVALENCE OF MEETING PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY GUIDELINES*
53%
50%
45%
43%
36%
42%
56%
54%
52%
48%
37%
43%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
Females Males
*150 minutes of moderate activity per week, 75 minutes of vigorous activity, or the equivalent combination
of moderate and vigorous activity; 2011 data
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), US County Profiles. Seattle, WA: IHME, 2015. 35
PREVALENCE OF MEETING PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY GUIDELINES*
53%
50%
45%
43%
36%
42%
56%
54%
52%
48%
37%
43%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
Females Males
*150 minutes of moderate activity per week, 75 minutes of vigorous activity, or the equivalent combination
of moderate and vigorous activity; 2011 data
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), US County Profiles. Seattle, WA: IHME, 2015. 36
PREVALENCE OF BINGE DRINKING*
12%
11%
9% 10% 9% 10%
25% 25%
29% 29% 30%
34%
18% 18%
19% 19% 20%
22%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
Females Males Both
* Age-standardized prevalence of one or more binge drinking episodes in the past month; 2012 data
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), US County Profiles. Seattle, WA: IHME, 2015. 37
PREVALENCE OF BINGE DRINKING*
12%
11%
9% 10% 9% 10%
25% 25%
29% 29% 30%
34%
18% 18%
19% 19% 20%
22%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
Females Males Both
* Age-standardized prevalence of one or more binge drinking episodes in the past month; 2012 data
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), US County Profiles. Seattle, WA: IHME, 2015. 38
TEEN BIRTH RATES*
24
52
73
76
92
72
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
*Number of births per 1,000 females, ages 15-19 years
Source for U.S.: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014
Source for Texas and counties: County Health Rankings, 2007-2013 39
TEEN BIRTH RATES*
24
52
73
76
92
72
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
*Number of births per 1,000 females, ages 15-19 years
Source for U.S.: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014
Source for Texas and counties: County Health Rankings, 2007-2013 40
HEALTH OUTCOMES
M O R B I D I T Y
41
OBESITY PREVALENCE*
36%
39%
47%
49%
56%
51%
34%
36%
42%
44%
46%
44%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
Females Males
*2011 data for individuals with a Body Mass Index of 30 or more
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), US County Profiles. Seattle, WA: IHME, 2015. 42
OBESITY PREVALENCE*
36%
39%
47%
49%
56%
51%
34%
36%
42%
44%
46%
44%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
Females Males
*2011 data for individuals with a Body Mass Index of 30 or more
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), US County Profiles. Seattle, WA: IHME, 2015. 43
TOTAL DIABETES PREVALENCE*
AGE-STANDARDIZED
13%
15%
21% 21%
26%
22%
16%
18%
24% 24%
27%
24%
14%
16%
22% 22%
26%
23%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
Females Males Both
*Proportion of adults ≥20 years of age who report a previous diabetes diagnosis and/or have high FPG/A1C
(FPG ≥126 mg/dL and/or A1C ≥6.5%); total diabetes prevalence is equal to the sum of diagnosed and
undiagnosed diabetes prevalence; 2012 data
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), US County Profiles. Seattle, WA: IHME, 2015.
44
TOTAL DIABETES PREVALENCE*
AGE-STANDARDIZED
13%
15%
21% 21%
26%
22%
16%
18%
24% 24%
27%
24%
14%
16%
22% 22%
26%
23%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
Females Males Both
*Proportion of adults ≥20 years of age who report a previous diabetes diagnosis and/or have high FPG/A1C
(FPG ≥126 mg/dL and/or A1C ≥6.5%); total diabetes prevalence is equal to the sum of diagnosed and
undiagnosed diabetes prevalence; 2012 data
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), US County Profiles. Seattle, WA: IHME, 2015.
45
DIABETES CONTROL*
AGE-STANDARDIZED
23% 23%
19% 19% 19% 19%
16% 16%
12% 12%
10% 11%
19% 19%
16% 15% 15% 15%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
Females Males Both
*Proportion of adults ≥20 years of age with a previous diabetes diagnosis and/or high FPG/A1C who currently
do not have high FPG/A1C (FPG≥126 mg/dL and/or A1C ≥6.5% ); 2012 data
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), US County Profiles. Seattle, WA: IHME, 2015. 46
DIABETES CONTROL*
AGE-STANDARDIZED
23% 23%
19% 19% 19% 19%
16% 16%
12% 12%
10% 11%
19% 19%
16% 15% 15% 15%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
Females Males Both
*Proportion of adults ≥20 years of age with a previous diabetes diagnosis and/or high FPG/A1C who currently
do not have high FPG/A1C (FPG≥126 mg/dL and/or A1C ≥6.5% ); 2012 data
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), US County Profiles. Seattle, WA: IHME, 2015. 47
HEALTH OUTCOMES
M O R T A L I T Y
48
DEATH RATES
DEATHS FROM MULTIPLE CAUSES PER 100,000 POPULATION
49
• Given the poor social determinants of health that
characterize the Rio Grande Valley community,
how would you expect the death rates to be in the
Valley relative to Texas and the nation?
• Higher
• Lower
• About the same
DEATH RATES
DEATHS FROM MULTIPLE CAUSES PER 100,000 POPULATION
824
682
634
495
607
858
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
Crude
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Multiple Cause of
Death 1999-2014 on CDC WONDER Online Database, released 2015. 50
Death rates in Valley counties are lower than those in
the U.S. and Texas.
Surprised?!
DEATH RATES
DEATHS FROM MULTIPLE CAUSES PER 100,000 POPULATION
824
682
634
495
607
858
790
745
664
594
702
890
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY COUNTY
Crude Age-Adjusted
Crude death rates don’t reveal an accurate picture.
Younger populations, such as that of the Valley, will
have lower death rates. Adjusting for age is
important. The same pattern persists. Surprised?!
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Multiple Cause of
Death 1999-2014 on CDC WONDER Online Database, released 2015. 51
HISPANIC PARADOX
• Hispanic paradox refers to the phenomenon that most
Hispanic groups are characterized by low
socioeconomic status, but better than expected
mortality outcomes (death rates).
• Possible explanations
• Possible under-reporting of Hispanic deaths
• “Salmon bias”: Just like salmon that returns to where it was born
to die, immigrants go back home in old age. This results in an
underestimation of death numbers in the U.S.
• Protective effects of immigrant status
• Supportive aspects of Hispanic culture
Source: Markides KS, Coreil J. 1986. The Health of Hispanics in the Southwestern United
States: An Epidemiologic Paradox. Public Health Rep. 01(3):253-65.
52
HEALTH OUTCOMES
Q U A L I T Y O F L I F E
53
FAIR OR POOR HEALTH
PERCENT OF ADULTS WHO REPORT POOR OR FAIR HEALTH
10%
18%
30%
25%
30%
10%
18%
30%
27%
33%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY
COUNTY*
Crude Age-Adjusted
*Data is statistically unreliable for Willacy County
Source: for US: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics
(NCHS) , 2012 data; for state and counties: CDC, NCHS. Health Indicators Warehouse. 2006-2012 BRFSS data.54
FAIR OR POOR HEALTH
PERCENT OF ADULTS WHO REPORT POOR OR FAIR HEALTH
10%
18%
30%
25%
30%
10%
18%
30%
27%
33%
U.S. TEXAS CAMERON
COUNTY
HIDALGO
COUNTY
STARR COUNTY WILLACY
COUNTY*
Crude Age-Adjusted
*Data is statistically unreliable for Willacy County
Source: for US: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics
(NCHS) , 2012 data; for state and counties: CDC, NCHS. Health Indicators Warehouse. 2006-2012 BRFSS data.55
WATCH
• Cross-Sectoral Collaboration Improves Health in
Brownsville, Texas (4:59 minutes)
56
We offer CUSTOM-WRITTEN, CONFIDENTIAL, ORIGINAL, and PRIVATE writing services. Kindly click on the ORDER NOW button to receive an A++ paper from our masters- and PhD writers.
Get a 10% discount on your order using the following coupon code SAVE10
Order a Similar Paper Order a Different Paper
